BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example Organization development (OD) strategies aim to improve organizational ability to diagnose and assess its effectiveness to provide appropriate remedy or interventions to problems and issues (Tichy, Hornstein, & Nisberg, 1977). These utilized open systems which optimized a transparent explication of the inputs, throughputs, and outputs of the organization’s feedback loop. This is hoped to motivate organizational members to participate in change processes (Burke, Coruzzi, & Church in Kraut, 1996; French & Bell, 1995; Harrison, 1987). Organizational development involved some models (Howard and Associates, 1994) that could facilitate the enhancement of deepening the understanding of organizational organization; of categorizing organizational data; interpret these data to generate meanings; and to develop common organizational language. It can also identify vital variables of the organization and depict its relations and impacts. This is an empirical method of evaluation. It also u ses comprehensive kind of analyses. The latter cover: 1. Force Field Analysis (1951)- This is developed by Kurt Lewin developed this model of analysis. It is perceived as relatively simple and can be creatively visualized because it can depict the driving and retraining forces of an organization (Leadership Sphere, 2012). These driving forces encompass environmental factors and change management while the restraining forces may include limited resources and demotivated human resources that could bar organizational sustainability and development (Leadership Sphere, 2012). When these hindering and driving forces are identified, the organization can proceed to formulate recommendations to solve the problems and regain organizational balance. This model aims to bring about the state of equilibrium of driving forces to eliminate the restraining factors (Leadership Sphere, 2012). 2. Leavitt’s Model (1965) – This refers to authority systems, communication systems, and work fl ow within the organization. This includes the use of technology (or machinery), tasks, and subtasks that are embed in organization’s product and services (Leadership Sphere, 2012). This will also include the human resources designated to perform roles and tasks to attain organizational goals (Leadership Sphere, 2012). These variables are dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent. Any changes in each of the variable will impact to the other variables in a chained effect. Sometimes, the change in variables may produce compensatory or retaliatory change in the other variables. However, this model does not address the concerns on external environment that may affect the variables of the organization (Leadership Sphere, 2012). 3. Likert System Analysis (1967) – This fundamentally addresses the concern on organizational motivation, communication, interaction, decision-making, goal-setting, control, and performance (Likert, 1967). While there is no illustration to depict this is as an analytical tool but this can be addressed by enhancing or using recommended systems of organizational management. This encourage democratization of decision-makings, participation, consultation, exercise of benevolent leadership and transformational leadership (Leadership Sphere, 2012). The framework originally has no standard scale: â€Å"strongly agree,† â€Å"agree,† â€Å"neither agree nor disagree,† â€Å"disagree,† and â€Å"strongly disagree.† It used to have a customized scale labels for each question raised

The Rise of Civil Regulations as a Method for Advancing Global Essay

The Rise of Civil Regulations as a Method for Advancing Global Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example This paper serves to showcase how the increasingly in-demand adherence to civil rights can be used to advance the global corporate social responsibility. Civil regulation only tries to encourage corporations to exercise suitable practices that will ensure a threat-free environment. The government has always tried to intervene in the daily running of organizations in order to preserve the civil rights for workers in organizations. Non-governmental organizations also come in to offer help within the framework of the program. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Different NGOs use different tactics to try to persuade large multinational corporations (MCNs) into complying with their policies regarding civil rights. Some will try talking out an organization to agree on certain terms of operation e.g. employment criteria, while other NGOs will identify their weakness of an organization and exploit it (Dewey and Tufts 23). Recently, NGOs have increased their interest in business, implying that globalization is taking a major turn of events with large organizations from different parts coming together e.g. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch were formed to fight civil rights violations like freedom of expression abuse, unfair sentences and other injustices. In the past few years, NGOs such as Amnesty International have made there intentions clear by stressing the relationship between human rights and globalization. These NGOs are advocating against child labor and the treatment of workers and cases involving women and girls trafficking, most recently, involving energy countries such as Nigeria, Burma, India and Sudan. Another reason for major NGOs’ increased involvement with multinational corporations (MNCs) is the need to get support from them and be associated with the MNCs managerial personnel. NGOs are always in the hunt for sponsorship, but this scenario changes with some organizations, as their main involvement with MNCs is based on business rea sons with civil rights coming in as a minor reason, which helps diversify the organizations in terms of their products and services. Prior to World War 2, Walter Rathenau, a German, said that the growth of business corporations had a significant effect on the society. According to Morton (44), the interest of an organization might be entirely financial; most of the activities carried out on a daily basis are serving the public interest. According to Dewey and Tufts (23), it is not sufficient to view companies as purely economic machines and companies should be involved in public duty too. Soft Law. Most of the civil rights do not appear in a country’s constitution as a law, but they are often being advocated for, thus, the government can not be liable to all these rights. Therefore, companies have to take the initiative of establishing and implementing the reflexive law. Some companies use environmental contracts to enhance corporate social responsibility (CSR). Laws are made and passed regarding certain practices by the corporations, bound by a given NGO which when broken, there are stipulated penalties to be faced. If a company is bound within a given contract, it can make more progress towards finding reliable solutions rather than depending on the normal laws of the government. In essence, CSR can help the government to meet the needs of the society e.g. the United Kingdom’

Qualities of the Hero: Comparing Gilgamesh and Odysseus

Qualities of the Hero: Comparing Gilgamesh and Odysseus The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey are two very amazing epic poems in which the main characters that are faced with unbelievable challenges. The Epic of Gilgamesh was created in the 20th 10th century BCE. in Mesopotamia and is one of the earliest known literary writings. The Odyssey was later made in 725 BCE. in Greece and was written in Homeric Greek and was sung more than read (Mastin, 2009a). The main characters in both of these epic poems the hero must embark on dangerous quests and adventures to reach their goal. Their adventures and tales tell describe what a true hero is and what characteristics every man should have. In both these epic poems both Gilgamesh and Odysseus are required to deal with dangerous tasks that must be dealt with in order to proceed. In the story with Gilgamesh he must confront and kill Humbaba, a demon-ogre who is a guardian in the sacred Cedar Forest. While Odysseus lands in the land of the Cyclopes and is trapped in a cave and he must come up with a plan to escape with his men. Gilgamesh went to kill the guardian to make a name for himself even when he was begged not to by his friends and even mother. Odysseus on the other hand was trying to save his men from being eating from a giant cyclops, devised a plan to blind the beast and escape with his remaining men. Both men have great strengths and weaknesses such as raw strength and courage while Gilgamesh has his beauty he also is hated by his people since he would sleep with their wives. Odysseus has his cleverness and eloquence that would help him in tricky situations but he was also a good liar which he used in many situa tions. In these epic poems, the main characters had someone with them during their adventures and journeys. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh had Enkidu, a wild-man who was created by the Aruru, the goddess of creation. Enkidu was more of a wild beast than man but Gilgamesh sent a prostitute to spend time with him to turn him into a man and to stop living with the animals. They dont become true friends until they fight one another which helps Gilgamesh change for the better. Enkidu disliked the way Gilgamesh would treat women and after a wedding party when he tried to sleep with the new bride Enkidu would stop him. They would fight but Enkidu would lose the battle and instead of taking his life Gilgamesh would spare it and learn from this experience his faults, through this he would become a better man (Mastin, 2009b). In the Odyssey, Odysseus would have his shipmates as his friends who accompanied him on his journey. These men would go on with Odysseus from adventure to adventure during some there would always be trouble and he would have to save them over and over but they would also die off. They would slowly die off from dangerous adventures or even be turned in to pigs from a witch. Needless to say, by the time Odysseus would finally reach his home he would be the last to survive from all his crew. They also had some difference between both of them especially when it came to their journey. Gilgamesh adventure with the Humbaba was one that could have been avoided and should have. This adventure was solely Gilgamesh decision to go and kill the beast with no other reason but to have his name live on in history. Even his friend Enkidu tries to stop him and change his mind since its no place for mortals. This is done for fame and also to show the people that the gods who forbid it could be defied by a mortal. While Odysseus goes on his adventure by chance when he is trying to get home. Many things even Gods play a role in his adventures who try and stop him on his w ay and forcing him to endure another adventure only trying to survive to see his family again. The Mesopotamians believed in many Gods and was very important to them in their daily life. Even with Gilgamesh he asked guidance and help from the Gods to seek approval for what he wants to do. The Gods would make beast that would be good or evil but would be worshiped by the people. An example of this would be Humbaba the guardian of the cedar forest that Gilgamesh kills in the end which would punish him in the end. With Odysseus in the Greek culture they to believe in many Gods but didnt rely on them as much to interfere. He would be tested and pushed further and further away from his family but he would overcome the obstacles placed in front of him showing his strengths, intelligence and even his weaknesses. This was in most Greek culture which everyman would aspire to do. It never told of him asking for help from the Gods but showed how man would overcome and prevail. Even in today culture and ideals this is seen throughout the world. There are so many people in the world who rely on a higher power to ask for advice and think they are being tested in their own adventures. There are many heroes and role models people have who they look up to and try and want to try and have the same type of traits as they do. Strength and intelligence are not the only thing that makes a good man or women its all the other qualities that will help them overcome adversity and continue on their journey. References Atsma, A. J. (2000-2017). HOMER, ODYSSEY 9. Retrieved from http://www.theoi.com/Text/HomerOdyssey9.html Homer. (1997). The Odyssey (R. Fagles, Trans.). Wilder Publications. Karas, M., Megas, C. (1997-2017). Odysseus. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Heroes/Odysseus/odysseus.html The Epic of Gilgamesh (M. G. Kovacs, Trans.). (1998). Retrieved from http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/tab3.htm Learning about Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2017, from http://www.smspromotions.org/mesopotamian-religion.html Mark, J. J. (2009, September 2). Mesopotamia. Retrieved from http://www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/ Mastin, L. (2009a). The Odyssey Homer Ancient Greece Classical Literature. Retrieved from http://www.ancient-literature.com/greece_homer_odyssey.html Mastin, L. (2009b). Epic of Gilgamesh Other Ancient Civilizations Classical Literature. Retrieved from http://www.ancient-literature.com/other_gilgamesh.html Sandars, N. K. (Trans.). (1972). The Epic of Gilgamesh. NY: Penguin Books.

Mimicking the Natural Environment Essay -- Agriculture Nature Essays

Mimicking the Natural Environment In Clifford Geertz’s article, Two Types of Ecosystems, he suggests that the uneven distribution of the Indonesian population is in direct correlation with the different methods of agriculture used by those in the densely populated area and those in the less populated area. Geertz explores the distinct characteristics of two methods of cultivation in Indonesia, swidden and sawah agriculture. Swidden agriculture, as described by Geertz, is when the forest is burned and cleared so new crops can be sowed. The nutrients from the burned plants are used as a natural fertilizer to insure growth of its variety of crops. Swidden agriculture works in a cycle, once the nutrients in the soil are depleted, the field is abandoned to the forest, which quickly takes over, and the cultivator begins the process at a new location. Geertz describes sawah agriculture as an irrigated flooded paddy field, such as a wet-rice field. In this field only one crop, rice, is planted, intensive labor is need and the fields are rarely allowed to return to their natural state. Thus, for swidden agriculture more land area is needed than for sawah agriculture. Geertz concludes that this is why sawah agricultural methods are practiced on the densely populated island of Java, and swidden on the less densely populated islands. Although the Indonesians analyzed by Geertz live half way around the world from the Guarani of Paraguay and Brazil, the agricultural ecosystems are relevant. In Richard Reeds ethnography, Forest Dwellers, Forest Protectors, he explores the Guarani people and how they have maintained themselves in their diverse ecosystem for thousands of years. The Guarani people have adapted to life in the dense ... ...ystem are still active members of that ecosystem and can either live with in its means, or exploit it for their own. The Guarani of Paraguay and Brazil, as described by Reed, mimic their surrounding environment, living with in its means and with in its carrying capacity through the practice of agroforestry. Geertz also depicts the outer islanders of Indonesia as living within their means and with in their carrying capacity by the utilization of slash and burn agriculture. Geertz also explains the results of a society that exploits its ecosystem with unnatural land use, such as Java Indonesia which is overpopulated and crowed. In their texts, both Geertz and Reed, show the importance of a society living as close to its natural environment as possible. Works Cited: Clifford Geertz: "Two Types of Ecosystems" Richard Reeds: "Forest Dwellers, Forest Protectors"

Overview Of The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry Economics Essay

Indian Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry in India is among the most extremely organized sectors. This industry plays an of import function in advancing and prolonging development in the field of planetary medical specialty. Due to the presence of low cost fabrication installations, educated and skilled work force and inexpensive labour force among others, the industry is set to scale new highs in the Fieldss of production, development, fabrication and research. In 2008, the domestic drug company market in India was expected to be US $ 10.76 billion and this is likely to increase at a compound one-year growing rate of 9.9 per cent until 2010 and later at 9.5 per cent boulder clay the twelvemonth 2015. Industry Tendencies aˆ?The drug company industry by and large grows at about 1.5-1.6 times the Gross Domestic Product growing aˆ?Globally, India ranks 3rd in footings of fabricating drug company merchandises by volume aˆ?The Indian pharmaceutical industry is expected to turn at a rate of 9.9 % boulder clay 2010 and after that 9.5 % boulder clay 2015 aˆ?In 2007-08, India exported drugs deserving US $ 7.2 billion in to the US and Europe followed by Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America aˆ?The Indian vaccinum market which was deserving US $ 665 million in 2007-08 is turning at a rate of more than 20 % aˆ?The retail pharmaceutical market in India is expected to traverse US $ 12-13 billion by 2012 aˆ?The Indian drug and pharmaceuticals section received foreign direct investing to the melody of US $ 1.43 billion from April 2000 to December 2008 Challenges Every industry has its ain sets of advantages and disadvantages under which they have to work ; the pharmaceutical industry is no exclusion to this. Some of the challenges the industry faces are: aˆ?Regulatory obstructions aˆ?Lack of proper substructure aˆ?Lack of qualified professionals aˆ?Expensive research equipments aˆ?Lack of academic coaction aˆ?Underdeveloped molecular find plan aˆ?Divide between the industry and survey course of study Drug company Companies in IndiaDishman Pharmaceuticals, Elder Pharmaceuticals, J B Pharmaceuticals, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Ranbaxy India, Cadila Pharmaceutical Limited, Wockhardt, Strides Arcolab, IPCA Laboratories, Alembic, Amrutanjan, Virchow Laboratories, Polydrug, Laboratories, Dr. Reddy ‘s Laboratories, Aurobindo Pharma, Jubilant Organosys, Astrazeneca Pharma, Divis Laboratories, Merck Ltd. , Astrazen Pharma, , Abbott India, Aventis Pharma Limited, Glenmark, Pharmaceutical Ltd. , Clarion Drugs, Blue Cross Laboratories, Intas Pharmaceuticals Limited, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Matrix Laboratories Government Enterprises The authorities of India has undertaken several including policy enterprises and revenue enhancement interruptions for the growing of the pharmaceutical concern in India. Some of the steps adopted are: aˆ?Pharmaceutical units are eligible for leaden revenue enhancement decrease at 150 % for the research and development outgo obtained. aˆ?Two new strategies viz. , New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research Program have been launched by the Government. aˆ?The Government is contemplating the creative activity of SRV or particular purpose vehicles with an insurance screen to be used for funding new drug research aˆ?The Department of Pharmaceuticals is chew overing the creative activity of drug research installations which can be used by private companies for research work on rent Pharma Export In the recent old ages, despite the lag witnessed in the planetary economic system, exports from the pharmaceutical industry in India have shown good perkiness in growing. Export has become an of import drive force for growing in this industry with more than 50 % gross coming from the abroad markets. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the export of drugs is estimated to be $ 8.25 billion as per the Pharmaceutical Export Council of India, which is an organisation, set up by the Government of India. A study undertaken by FICCI, the oldest industry chamber in India has predicted 16 % growing in the export of India ‘s pharmaceutical growing during 2009-2010. Key participants in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry There are several national and international pharmaceutical companies that operate in India. Most of the state ‘s demands for pharmaceutical merchandises are met by these companies. Some of them are briefly described below: aˆ?Ranbaxy Labs Limited is the biggest pharmaceutical fabrication company in India. The company is ranked at the 8th place among the planetary generic pharmaceutical companies and has presence in 48 states including universe category fabrication installations in 10 states and serves to clients from over 125 states. Ranbaxy Laboratories 2009-2010 Q3 Net Net income Results showed a net income of Rs 116.6 crore as compared to Rs 394.5 crore shortage, recorded during the corresponding period last financial. aˆ?Dr. Reddy ‘s Laboratories industries and markets a broad scope of pharmaceuticals both in India and abroad. The company has 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients to fabricate drugs, critical attention merchandises, diagnostic kits and biotechnology merchandises. The company has 6 FDA workss that produce active drug company ingredients and 7 FDA inspected and ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified workss. Dr. Reddy ‘s Q1 FY10 consequence shows the grosss of the company at Rs. 18,189 million which is up by 21 % . During this one-fourth the company introduced 24 new generic merchandises, applied for 22 new generic merchandise enrollments and filed 4 DMFs. aˆ?Cipla is an Indian pharmaceutical company renowned for the industry of low cost anti AIDS drugs. The company ‘s merchandise scope comprises of vermifuges, oncology, anti-bacterials, cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics, nutritionary addendums, anti-ulcerants, anti-asthmatics and corticoids. Cipla besides offers other services like quality control, technology, undertaking assessment, works supply, consulting, commissioning and know-how transportation, support. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the company registered an addition of 22 % in gross revenues and other income over the old twelvemonth. aˆ?Nicholas Piramal is the 2nd largest pharmaceutical health care company in India. The trade names manufactured by the company include Gardenal, Ismo, Stemetil, Rejoint, Supradyn, Phensedyl and Haemaccel. Nicholas Piramal has entered into join ventures and confederations with several international corporations like Cheissi, Italy ; IVAX Corp ; UK, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Allergan Inc. , USA etc. aˆ?Glaxo Smithkline ( GSK ) is a United Kingdom based pharma company ; it is the universe ‘s 2nd largest pharmaceutical company. The company ‘s portfolio of drug company merchandises consist of cardinal nervous system, respiratory, oncology, vaccinums, anti-infectives and gastro-intestinal/metabolic merchandises among others. On November 2009, the FDA had announced that the H1N1 vaccinum manufactured by GSK would fall in the list of the four vaccinums approved. aˆ?Zydus Cadila besides known as Cadila Healthcare is an Indian pharmaceutical company located in Gujarat. The company ‘s 1QFY2010 consequences show the net gross revenues at Rs880.3cr which is higher than the estimated Rs773cr. The net net income was Rs124.8cr which was addition of 39 % ; the addition was on history of higher gross revenues and betterment in the OPM. India ‘s Domestic Pharmaceutical Market ( 12 Months Ended January 2009 ) Company Size ( $ Billion ) Market Share ( % ) Growth Rate ( % ) Entire Pharma Market 6.9 100.0 9.9 Cipla.36 5.3 13.4 Ranbaxy.34 5.0 11.5 Glaxo Smithkline.29 4.3 -1.2 Piramal Healthcare.27 3.9 11.7 Zydus Cadila.24 3.6 6.8 Beginning: ORG IMS Future Scenario With several companies slated to do investings in India, the hereafter scenario of the pharmaceutical industry in looks pretty promising. The state ‘s pharmaceutical industry has enormous potency of growing sing all the undertakings that are in the grapevine. Some of the future enterprises are: aˆ?According to a survey by FICCI-Ernst & A ; Young India will open a likely US $ 8 billion market for MNCs selling expensive drugs by 2015 aˆ?The survey besides says that the domestic drug company market is likely to make US $ 20 billion by 2015 aˆ?The Minister of Commerce estimations that US $ 6.31 billion will be invested in the domestic pharmaceutical sector aˆ?Public disbursement on health care is likely to raise from 7 per cent of GDP in 2007 to 13 per cent of GDP by 2015 aˆ?Dr Reddy ‘s Laboratories has tied up with GlaxoSmithKline to develop and market generics and preparations in upcoming markets overseas aˆ?Lupin, a Mumbai based pharmaceutical company is looking to tap chances of about US $ 200 million in the US unwritten preventives market aˆ?Due to the low cost of R & A ; D, the Indian pharmaceutical off-shoring industry is designated to turn out to be a US $ 2.5 billion chance by 2012 Expectation From Budget 2010- Health & A ; Pharmaceutical Industry February 24, 2010- Budget intelligence on budget outlooks by wellness sector of India The Finance Minister of India is merely two yearss off from 26th February, 2010 when he will show the Union Budget 2010-11. This is a really of import fiscal papers for all the sectors of India as it will find how the public presentation of assorted industries is to be financially and otherwise supported by the Government of India. In the budgets of past old ages, high allotments had been made to the flagship programmes of the authorities that includes national wellness excessively among others. The wellness industry that includes natural wellness sector every bit good as pharmaceutical industry of India has high budget outlooks from the Union Budget 10-11 as it hopes for proclamations of believable stairss to be taken to better the quality of public outgo on wellness sector. Issues such as wellness, HIV AIDS, poorness relief, sanitation undertakings, H2O planning and development undertakings, should go on to stay high precedence points on the budget for improved supports and overall development. aˆ?Currently the wellness related in-house R & A ; D disbursals enjoy 150 % leaden tax write-off that should be extended to disbursals on outsourced surveies such as clinical tests and specific research lab surveies. Besides the leaden tax write-off should be raised from 150 % to 200 % . aˆ?On lines of the developed economic systems, the construct of research revenue enhancement credits to countervail future revenue enhancement liability should be introduced. aˆ?State excise responsibility on certain preparations should be brought down from the present 16 % to 8 % . aˆ?Allocation for the National Rural Health Mission should be increased well. aˆ?Excise responsibilities should non be applicable to all indispensable drugs. aˆ?Tax freedom for export oriented units should be extended and the place of new direct revenue enhancement codification on particular economic zones should be made clear. aˆ?Healthcare installations like medical specialties and life salvaging drugs, trained medical forces and physicians, installations for diagnosing of of import diseases and complaints should be extended to the rural India on a precedence footing. aˆ?The wellness industry has many outlooks from Budget 2010 sing subsidies and revenue enhancement inducements on assorted indispensable merchandises such as life salvaging drugs, equipments for diagnostic intents etc. aˆ?Tax freedoms should be given to bing infirmaries and wellness establishments so that more and more infirmaries and wellness establishments in rural countries can be established. aˆ?Keeping in position the long gestation period, the revenue enhancement vacation provided to infirmaries set-up in rural countries should be extended from 5 old ages to 10 old ages. aˆ?The ordinances such as transportation pricing, imposts rating and drug pricing that are like acrimonious experiences for the pharmaceutical companies should be rationalized along with early nidation of Advance pricing understandings and safe seaport regulations. aˆ?Pharmaceutical companies should be allowed for claim of outgo on a self enfranchisement footing or on specified paperss such as CA certificate so that conformity of the jurisprudence is done in hassle free mode. aˆ?In order to cut down the overall cost of intervention of patients, the list of life salvaging drugs eligible for imposts duty freedoms should be extended and the responsibility on medical devices should be reduced. aˆ?Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties should be rationalized across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and life salvaging medical equipment. aˆ?Drug makers who are non into exports face the issue of accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books due to the difference in the responsibility construction of APIs and FDFs. Measures should be taken for this as there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which finally becomes a cost to such makers.Budget 2010 – Expectations of drug company industryHitesh SharmaThe last budget being impersonal, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has drawn its unfinished docket with the hope that Budget 2010 would turn out to be a redress for the industry. Industry believes that its wish list has a virtue for consideration in this budget as some of these points have non been covered in the aforesaid at hand statute laws.Research revenue enhancement creditsDrying grapevine of new drugs, increased R & A ; D outgo and increased force per unit area in the developed states to convey the wellness attention costs down has compelled MNCs to offshore R & A ; D farth er. While India is perceived as an attractive finish to outsource R & A ; D work due to its low cost and high quality capablenesss, to set India in a prima place, there is a demand to supply drift to such activities in the signifier of revenue enhancement and financial benefits. While presently, weighted revenue enhancement benefit is available for in-house R & A ; D, there are no specific benefits available to units engaged in the concern of R & A ; D. In this respect, the Government can play its function by supplying benefits to units engaged in the concern of R & A ; D by manner of tax write-off from net incomes linked to investings. Further, benefits in the signifier of research revenue enhancement credits, which can be used to countervail future revenue enhancement liability, similar to those given in developed economic systems can besides be considered.Include disbursals related to research done outside R & A ; D labThe Indian drug company infinite has witnessed multiple advan ced moves that have strengthened their ability to do it large in the discovery/R & A ; D infinite. These Indian companies incur immense outgo on abroad tests, readyings of dossiers, consulting/legal fees for NCE ( New Chemicals Entities ) and ANDA ( Abbreviated New Drug Applications ) filings with the US FDA. Besides there is a important sum of legal costs incurred in supporting the patents and merchandises. While presently, leaden tax write-off is available for outgo on in-house R & A ; D installation, the commissariats do non stipulate that the outgo incurred outside the R & A ; D units are eligible for leaden tax write-off. Consequently, industry organic structures have sought the inclusion of outgo minor expense to research carried outside R & A ; D installation in India or in any foreign state, within the scope of leaden tax write-off.Extend revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries beyond rural countriesThe quality and low cost advantage has boosted the medical touristry in India. Industry study suggests that about 150,000 medical tourer visit India every twelvemonth. Further, medical touristry to India is expected to convey gross of $ 2 billion by 2012. In order to capitalize on the chance and to beef up the place of India as a low cost wellness attention tourer finish, there is a greater demand to set-up more and more province of the art wellness attention installations. Even otherwise, there is a clear instance of augmenting wellness attention system in India. Given that big portion of investing would necessitate to be contributed by private sector, the Government can play its function by supplying financial benefits and widening the bing revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries set up beyond the rural countries.Subsidy for rural health care substructureSpecifically with respect to rural and semi-urban countries, several companies have taken the enterprise to construct the supply concatenation substructure and develop specific merchandises â€⠀ these stairss are non easy and carry immense investings. To advance the development of these countries and have better entree to healthcare installations, the Government, in add-on to its ain plans, should back up the private sector every bit good — this could be in the signifier of subsidy, sharing substructure with private sector, revenue enhancement inducements and so on.Rationalise appraisal processAs per the industry pattern, Pharma companies reach out to patients through physicians by supplying free samples of drugs to physicians and incur other promotional outgo on seminars and so on for instruction of physicians. This creates consciousness about the drugs and finally helps in hiking the gross revenues of the companies. During the class of assessment proceedings, the gross governments frequently challenge the promotional information and ask for voluminous paperss which are cumbersome to supply. They besides frequently deny revenue enhancement tax write-off on an ad- hoc footing. In this respect, the Government can apologize the commissariats by supplying for claim of outgo on a self enfranchisement footing or on the footing of specified paperss such as CA certification and so on.Harmonize pricing ordinancesTransportation pricing is another country necessitating particular attending for pharmaceuticals industry. While transportation pricing ordinances expect companies covering in active pharmaceuticals ingredients ( APIs ) /finished drug preparations ( FDFs ) imported from related parties to keep higher borders, Drugs Prices Control Order ( DPCO ) places limitations on the terminal merchandising monetary value. Equally customs ordinances create a rearward force per unit area by seeking to look into any undervaluation of imported APIs/ FDFs. There is a clear instance to being in harmoniousness in transportation pricing, imposts and DPCO ordinances. Other issues which pharma companies face is comparing of monetary values of innovator/ research ori ented companies with generic companies without taking awareness of quality and efficaciousness. This causes important adversity for pioneers companies who spend important costs on research. There is an immediate demand to turn to these issues every bit good. Besides, while it is proposed that Advance Pricing Agreements ( APAs ) and safe seaport regulations would be introduced, it needs to be expedited.Extend list of life salvaging drugsOn the indirect revenue enhancement forepart, the Government can look at widening the list of life salvaging drugs, which are eligible for imposts duty freedoms in India. This will take to handiness of life salvaging drugs to the patients at decreased monetary values and conveying down the cost of intervention for these complaints. Further, it could besides see cut downing the responsibility on medical devices which would take to overall decrease in the cost of intervention of patients. Besides, Government could see cut downing basic usage responsibil ity for preparations to five per centum in line with the Chelliah Committee ‘s long-run financial policy recommendation.Rationalise responsibility constructionThe levy of excise responsibility on API at eight per centum and on end product of four per centum has led to accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books of makers, particularly those who are non engaged in exports and cater merely to the domestic market. Further, there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which becomes a cost to such pharma makers. The Government could see rationalizing the responsibility construction by doing it at par with responsibility on concluding end product. Another demand has been to increase the abatement bound allowed for calculation of excise responsibility on medicines, from 35 to 45 per centum. Further, industry has sought rationalization of Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and lif e salvaging medical devices. In a nutshell, while the planetary developments have led to exciting chances for Indian drug company industry, it is one time once more in hunt of support from the Government to tap the same. On the other manus, the Government is doing advancement in conveying two major revenue enhancement reforms, ie direct revenue enhancement codification, and goods and services revenue enhancement ; they carry an implicit in docket of conveying revenue enhancement reforms, simplification of processs and minimization of revenue enhancement inducements. Given that the Government intends to implement these statute laws in the close hereafter, it appears that it may non convey in any major alterations in this budget. Union budget2010-2011 Budget 2010: Hits & A ; girls for Pharmaceutical industry Excise responsibility on goods covered under the Medicinal and Toiletries Preparation Act, 1955 ( ‘MTPA ‘ – applicable to medical specialties and toilet articless holding intoxicant content ) is reduced from 16 to 10 per centum to convey it at par with standard CENVAT rate. The rate of suspension on covered lavatory readyings has besides been revised from 40 to 35 per centum. Further, the jurisprudence is being amended to supply that the Maximum Retail Price ( MRP ) less applicable suspension would be considered for bear downing Countervailing responsibility ( CVD ) for covered imported goods. There has been rationalization in the import responsibility rate construction for the medical devices section, whereby multiplicity of rates have been done off with and the basic imposts responsibility rate has been reduced to 5 from 7.5 per centum. The levy of Particular CVD @ 4 % has besides been withdrawn, whereas in certain specific instances, such as life salvaging medical equipments ( non imported for personal usage ) , available freedoms have been withdrawn. However, on an overall footing, this move is likely to cut down the cost of intervention for patients and hike medical devices industry. The budget proposal exempts import of pre-packaged goods intended for retail sale, which are covered by MRP commissariats of Standard of Weights and Measures Act or under any other jurisprudence from levy of SACD. This is likely to impact bargainers importing finished dose preparations in pre-packaged signifier for retail sale. The Finance Minister has widened the cyberspace of nonexempt services to include wellness look into up undertaken by infirmaries or medical constitutions for the employees of concern entities and wellness services provided under wellness insurance strategy offered by insurance companies Service revenue enhancement would use to said services, merely if, the payment are made straight by the concern entity or the insurance company concerned to the infirmary or medical constitution. Another new levy proposes to cover services provided for care of medical records of employees of a concern entity. Interestingly, the industry wish list still mostly remains ignored, exceeding the list are rationalization of upside-down responsibility rate construction for preparations, imposts duty freedom for all life salvaging drugs, rationalization of transportation pricing ordinances and so on. Clearly, a batch yet remains to be done for the life scientific disciplines industry. 2010 impact: Drug company Below is an analysis on Budget 2010 with mention to the drug company sector. Increased leaden norm of R & A ; D tax write-off to 200 % Addition in R & A ; D tax write-off positive for all R & A ; D pharmaceutical companies Excise responsibility structured remain unchanged Union Budget 2010: Drug company industry welcomes revenue enhancement inducements for R & A ; D New DELHI: Tax inducements given by the Budget for research and development made the Indian pharmaceutical houses sport a smiling but they are left inquiring if the hiking in excise responsibility to 10 per cent on all non-petroleum merchandises will be applicable to them. Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee proposed a leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on outgo incurred in in-house research and development activities to 200 per cent from the current 150 per cent in the Budget. â€Å" We welcome the authorities ‘s move to increase leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off to 200 per cent as research and development activities is a must and in drug company sector, where it is most desperately required, † Indian Drug Manufacturers Association Executive Director Gajanan Wakankar said. However, deficiency of lucidity on whether the drug company sector would besides be covered under the increased excise on all non-petroleum merchandises from 8-10 per cent, held back the sector from observing. Presently, the drug company sector attracts 4 per cent excise responsibility after CENVAT was cut by 4 per cent in December 2008 as portion of a stimulus bundle. â€Å" We are waiting for more lucidity over the issue and so merely we will measure the impact, † Pharmaceutical exports council ( Pharmaexcil ) laminitis Chairman D B Mody said. Piramal Healthcare Director Swati Piramal besides said, â€Å" We are still looking at the ( Budget ) documents. † She, nevertheless said the revenue enhancement inducements on R & A ; D was long overdue.ADrug company: Benefit from hiking in revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A ; D offset by addition in MAT rateOverall impact of the Union Budget 2010-11 on the pharmaceuticals sector is impersonal. The hiking in leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A ; D outgo ( from 150 % to 200 % ) is expected to be marginally favorable for pharmaceutical companies concentrating on new drug find such as Piramal Lifesciences, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company, etc, said the taking recognition evaluation bureau Crisil. The addition in Minimum Alternate Tax ( MAT ) rate from 15 % to 18 % will hold a marginally negative impact for most of the pharmaceutical participants. Pharma participants will non be impacted by the addition in excise responsibility on majority drugs as the same is MODVATable. Adept Talk: How drug companies can utilize tax write-off as add-on Thursday March 4, 2010 07:06 autopsy PST Pharmaceutical companies got a much sought-after wish granted when FM Pranab Mukherjee said in his Budget address for 2010-11 that companies passing on in-house research and development will be taxed less. Drug shapers can subtract duplicate the sum they spend on in-house research while calculating their nonexempt income for the assessment twelvemonth 2011-12 onwards, up from the present tax write-off of one and a half times the research spend. The inducement for disbursement more money in research is welcome, but the quest for new drugs needs aggressively higher investings by the public and private sectors and a alteration in focal point from low-value imitator versions of MNC drugs to new therapies. Harmonizing to official estimations, the top 25 pharmaceutical companies in India spent about 6-7 % of their entire gross revenues on research and development in the last financial compared to the planetary norm of 12-15 % . That worked out to a paltry Rs 3,500 crore by 25 Indian companies in an industry with a turnover of Rs 90,000 crore including exports. The entire R & A ; D spend by the domestic industry is less than 1 % of the $ 130 billion spent globally on drug research. Experts say that unless Indian drug shapers spend more than 15 % of their gross revenues on research, they can non hold a noticeable presence in the universe of sophisticated, high-value, new drugs. One interesting facet is that the current research spend is chiefly for happening new methods for doing transcripts of expensive and blockbuster MNC drugs without conflicting their patents so that the transcripts can be sold in markets like the US to do windfall additions. The US allows a six-month sole selling right to the first generic transcript that enters the market without conflicting the patent protecting the original drug or by turn outing that the patent was invalid. This path involves judicial proceeding with the pioneer and entails immense legal costs. The history of patent challenges by Indian companies is dotted with a few dramatic successes and a figure of failures. The interesting portion is that the judicial proceeding cost is shown as research and development outgo by most of the Indian companies. Until Indian companies focus every bit or more on contriving their ain new drugs, Indian drug company industry can non lift in planetary stature as a manufacturer of new drugs. The present focal point on generics or imitator drugs gets reflected in statistics. Despite being the 3rd largest manufacturer of drugs by volume, Indian drug company industry stands 17th by the value of its end product because of the low-priced nature of the merchandises. Companies have echt grounds for non being able to pass on research every bit much as their planetary opposite numbers. They are smaller in size and about a 4th of the market is under monetary value control. Many Indian drug shapers are researching the possibility of acquiring licenses from the drug discoverer to do an authorized generic version which will hit the market when the original drug ‘s patent expires. The scheme is to fall in the rival if one can non crush him. The authorities is besides non able to apportion the big sums required for drug find from its revenue enhancement grosss or regular adoptions. The aid that the section of scientific discipline and engineering provides by manner of non-repayable grants and soft loans for research is besides non sufficient. Therefore, the authorities needs to happen advanced support theoretical accounts to back up new drug research. For illustration, it could present a theoretical account which mobilises financess from investors who are willing to portion the lucks of the high-risk-high-reward game of drug research and funnel it to companies with promising experimental new drugs. Recently, the Planning Commission gave the green signal to the section of pharmaceuticals to set about a elaborate undertaking study on planing such a theoretical account. The section ‘s thought is to inquire bureaus like UTI Asset Management Company to raise financess through tax-exempt bonds. The financess therefore raised will be used to construct establishments, train people and discover drugs. If the research leads to discovery of blockbuster drugs, it will profit investors, the company and the concluding consumer. Even if it fails, the authorities will vouch a minimal return on investings. It is estimated that merely one in six experimental drugs makes it to the market. Public-funded research will besides let the authorities to exert a say in the monetary value at which the concluding merchandise would be made available to the consumer. It might take several months before the finer inside informations are worked out. The FM ‘s gesture of heightening the revenue enhancement sop for research, despite unfavorable judgment that the leaden tax write-off strategy is prone to mistreat, shows the authorities ‘s committedness to advance new drug research. But much more public and private resources are needed to take the Indian industry to where the policymakers want to take it-the beginning of one in every ten new drugs invented.

Oliver Stone’s Alexander and it’s Accuracy in portraying Alexander the Great Essay

The 2004 film Alexander, directed by Oliver Stone, depicts the life of Alexander the Great. This essay will discuss the accuracy of Oliver Stone’s artistic vision in this depiction of Alexander’s life and achievements. The discussion will focus on: Alexander’s 7 year campaign, particularly its battles; his relationship with others, including his sexuality within the film; and the legacy Alexander and his armies left on the world. Historically, there are many omissions within Oliver Stone’s Alexander, however, the majority of these are accounted for through Stone’s artistic vision. Many minor campaigns during the 7 year period were completely left out, and only two battles were shown throughout the movie. Within these two battles, many major components of other battles were in some way conflated so as to equate to having experienced those battles as well, since if Stone were to include every battle, not only would the film be far longer than its current form, but it would also have required a much larger budget. This absence of battles is the major inaccuracy in Stone’s Alexander. Whilst Stone only conveys two battles in the movie, history conveys that Alexander participated in a vast quantity of battles, pitched battles as well as sieges, throughout the 7 year march. Stone choice in depicting only these two battles of the many others was through his aim to convey the key points of Alexanders major campaigns in a condensed form as possible. Whilst the battles themselves were inaccurate, many of these inaccuracies were choices of Stone’s. The main inaccuracy for the the Battle of Gaugemela, the first battle depicted in Alexander, is the Persian army itself. Alexander shows them as a disorganised rabble, when, historically, the Persians would have been exceedingly well organised. Members of the Persian army would have had uniforms, rather than the variable clothing they wore, and musicians would play so that the army would march in rank. Conversely, many of the events before, during and after the battle were accurate. For example, before the battle, the night before in the tent where Alexander converses with his generals, he is urged to make a night attack and steal a victory: Alexander, if we must fight, do so with stealth. Use your numbers well; we should attack tonight when they least expect us†. Alexander refuses. This conversation is accurate in at least it’s meaning, as is recorded by Arrian: â€Å"It is said that Parmenio came to him in his tent, and urged him to make a night attack on the Persians†¦ but the reply which he made to him†¦ was that it would be mean to steal a victory† (Arrian, Book 3, Section 10). The conversation is as such a recorded event, and though Stone changed dialogues, the meaning behind each is the same. The major inaccuracy in the Battle of Hydaspes, the second battle, is that it takes place in a jungled terrain, fighting the people of India. In historical fact, the Battle of Hydaspes occurred on a open plain. Stone is said to have chosen the location of the battle to be in a forest as a contrast to the Battle of Gaugemela, which also occurred on a plain. Arrian records the battle to have taken place near the river Hydaspes, with Alexander making a secret crossing in the night, however Alexander makes no mention of the crossing, or even of the existence of the river. Arrian also mentions that the the forces from both armies were split, but the film shows no evidence of this. A second inaccuracy was the conflict between the leader of the Indian army and Alexander. According to reports by Arrian, Alexander never confronted nor charged the king of the Indians as is shown in the film, but instead treated him with dignity and honour, eventually giving him the rule over a large territory. Nor did Bucephalus die from the major wound as shown in Alexander, but from old age and minor wounds he sustained throughout his life. The film shows Alexander charging the king, and Buchephalus saving his master’s life at the cost of his own. This was most likely done as a method to increase the dramatic effect of the scene, but also as a method of including another major battle in Alexander’s timeline, the siege of Malli. Within the battles depicted in Alexander, Stone directed minor changes in the factuality of battle events. For example, he depicts Alexander being gravely wounded in the Battle of Hydaspes. This grave wounding of Alexander occurred later, at the siege of Malli. This event is combined into the Battle of Hydaspes to portray more of Alexander’s history, and those knowledgeable of it could notice and appreciate this and other acknowledgements of history even though they aren’t accurate. Apart from the battles, there were other events of history or legend in Alexander’s life which are not represented. For example, the Gordian knot. This well known legend of Alexander slicing open the untie-able knot with his sword and its linked prophecy of ruling Asia is not included. This may be because the truth is not known of the event, whether Alexander cut it, pulled apart what it was tied to and then untying it or whether it existed at all, although there is evidence that it existed. Apart from these events not included or merely conflated there are portion of Alexander in which the way Alexander is depicted historically, or not as the case may be. To the points where it was inaccurate, Alexander is scripted throughout his speeches to encourage his men in their campaign to conquer the world. These scripts lead to him being given a purpose behind the campaign, that of a â€Å"brotherhood of man†. Historically, there is no evidence to this. Alexander was known to merely have conquered because he could, â€Å"a brilliant commander traveling an endless path of conquest† (Eugene N. Borza, Movie Commentary: Alexander, page 4). The personality of Alexander is almost completely unknown, and as historians we are unable to characterise what made him the charismatic leader capable of leading his armies on his 7 year march. Another aspect of Alexander’s personality was his relationships with individuals. The film shows intense relationships with his mother and father, as well as childhood friend Hephaistion. Alexander’s relationship with his mother and father both vary throughout the film, but focus mostly on pleasing his mother and either avenging or surpassing his father. During his early life, Alexander is shown very close to his mother, with her urging him on to succeed and whispering propaganda in his ear against his father, while Alexander is taught to be a leader through the actions of his father. Later on, he grows separate from both, however influenced by them tremendously. For example, when Philip dies, Alexander falls into a rage, even though he had fallen out recently with his father in a drink influenced conflict, and it embitters him against his mother, this bitterness continuing into the film. Further, in developing the relationship with Hephaistion, Stone also spends a lot of time enforcing the point that Alexander is bi-sexual, through the homoerotic subtext, though this was not limited to Hephaistion but incorporated others within the film. Whilst this may have been the case in history, as in Ancient Greece sexuality was merely a matter of course, and you were either sexual or you weren’t, without vastly distinguishing between the genders, Stone pushes the limits of this concept in order to outline a known part of Alexanders life. It is known that Alexander had at least two male physical relationships, and this may have pushed Stone into depicting the sexuality of Alexander, though in contrast to the homosexual relationships, Alexander’s relationship with his first wife Roxanne was inaccurate and over-zealous. Roxanne, his first wife, is historically known as a devoted wife and mother, rather than as the character displayed in Alexander (Eugene N. Borza, Movie Commentary: Alexander, page 3). In all, Oliver Stone’s depiction of Alexander in his film Alexander has both accuracy and inaccuracy. The major inaccuracies was the events, or lack thereof, as Oliver Stone either chose not to or was not able to include them, whilst the main accuracies of the film were the inclusion of key points in Alexander’s life and relationships. Alexander shows some of Alexander and his armies impact on the world, and it is a well researched attempt at conveying the incredible life of Alexander the Great accurately.

40 Words Ending in -ade

40 Words Ending in -ade 40 Words Ending in -ade 40 Words Ending in -ade By Mark Nichol A number of words share the inflected ending -ade, which denotes an action or something that performs an action or function. The following comprehensive but not exhaustive list includes definitions of forty such words (and the meaning of each root word). 1. accolade (â€Å"embrace†): an award, praise, or ceremonial embrace or salute 2. ambuscade (â€Å"in forest†): an ambush 3. arcade (â€Å"arch†): an arched building, gallery, avenue, or passageway, or series of arches, or a business where coin-operated games are played 4. balustrade (â€Å"small pillar†): a row of vertical balusters, or railing supports, topped by a railing, or a low barrier 5. barricade (â€Å"barrel†): a barrier or obstacle, especially one built up to deter an enemy (also a verb meaning â€Å"block† or â€Å"prevent access†) 6. blockade (â€Å"block†): blocking of access or egress by military force (also a verb meaning â€Å"block to prevent access or egress by military force,† or simply â€Å"block† or â€Å"obstruct†) 7. brigade (â€Å"troop†): a large subdivision of an army 8. brocade (â€Å"little nail†): silk fabric with gold or silver weaved in (also a verb meaning â€Å"weave gold or silver with silk†) 9. cannonade (â€Å"tube†): a discharge of cannon 10. carronade (proper name Carron): a short cannon 11. cascade (â€Å"fall†): a waterfall, especially one in a series, or arrangement or occurrence of a succession of stages, or something falling or rushing (also a verb meaning â€Å"fall, pour, or rush in or as if in a cascade†) 12. cavalcade (â€Å"horse†): a parade of troops or other people mounted on horses, or simply a parade 13. charade (â€Å"chat†): a deceptive or empty act, or nonwritten clues about a word; charades is a game in which players try to guess a word or phrase represented by another player’s actions 14. chiffonade (â€Å"crumple†): finely cut or shredded herbs or vegetables 15. colonnade (â€Å"column†): a series of regularly spaced supporting columns 16. crusade (â€Å"cross†): a series of military expeditions to assert the influence of Christian nations in the Middle East (capitalized when referred to as â€Å"the Crusades†), or an enthusiastic effort to solve a problem (as a verb, meaning â€Å"engage in a crusade†) 17. decade (â€Å"ten†): a period of ten years, a group or set of ten, or a 10-to-1 order of magnitude 18. enfilade (â€Å"thread†): gunfire along the length of an enemy line of battle, or a series of rooms (as a verb, â€Å"fire along the length of a line of battle†) 19. escalade (â€Å"ladder†): an act of scaling fortification walls (also a verb meaning â€Å"scale fortification walls†) 20. escapade (â€Å"escape†): an unapproved or unconventional adventure 21. esplanade (â€Å"level†): an expanse of level ground, especially for walking or driving along a shore 22. facade (â€Å"face†): a front of a building, or any surface given special architectural treatment; also, an artificial or false appearance or effect 23. fanfaronade (â€Å"braggart†): bluster 24. fusillade (â€Å"steel for striking fire†): simultaneous or rapidly consecutive firing or throwing of projectiles, or a critical outburst 25. gasconade (â€Å"Gascon,† a person of Basque heritage): a boast or bluster 26. glissade (â€Å"slide†): a standing or squatting slide down a snowy slope, or a gliding ballet step (also a verb meaning, in either sense, â€Å"perform a glissade†) 27. harlequinade (â€Å"clown†): pantomime or play featuring the comic-relief stock commedia dell’arte character Harlequin 28. lemonade (â€Å"lemon†): a beverage made with lemonade, water, and a sweetener (also, limeade, orangeade, etc.) 29. marinade (â€Å"liquid†): a flavoring and/or tenderizing sauce (also a verb meaning â€Å"flavor and/or tenderize with sauce†) 30. marmalade (â€Å"quince†): jelly with pieces of fruit and fruit rind 31. masquerade (â€Å"mask†): a costume party or a costume for such a party, or an action or appearance designed to mislead (also a verb meaning â€Å"disguise† or â€Å"pretend†) 32. motorcade (â€Å"move†): a procession of vehicles 33. palisade (â€Å"stake†): a long, pointed stake, or a fence made of such stakes, or a line of cliffs resembling one 34. parade (â€Å"prepare†): a procession or ceremonial formation, a location for such a formation or for strolling, or a showy display (also a verb meaning â€Å"maneuver,† â€Å"march,† or â€Å"stroll† or â€Å"show off†) 35. pomade (â€Å"apple†): a perfumed hair treatment or other ointment 36. promenade (â€Å"stroll†): a stroll or a place for strolling, a ceremonial march at a formal dance, or a square dance figure (also a verb meaning â€Å"stroll†); the abbreviation prom refers to a dance event 37. renegade (â€Å"deny†): one who changes allegiance or who does not follow traditional behavior 38. serenade (â€Å"calm†): a courting song, or, in general, a free performance, or a song presented as such, or an instrumental composition in several movements 39. stockade (â€Å"stake†): a tall fence for defense or enclosure (also a verb meaning â€Å"fortify† or â€Å"surround†) 40. tirade (â€Å"shoot†): a long, angry speech Ballad (originally ballade, meaning â€Å"dance†), meaning â€Å"romantic or sentimental song,† or â€Å"narrative rhymed verse,† is in this category of terms. Also, words ending in -ado denote a person performing an action, as seen, for example, in commando and desperado, or an active phenomenon, such as in the case of tornado. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsLatin Plural EndingsWhat Is a Doctor?

Free Essays on Dillard

respond to Dillard’s book and reflect upon your own experiences. 1. What kind of neighborhood(s) do you/have you lived in (suburban, rural, urban)? How has that shaped your sense of who you are and your sense of community? In eighth grade I visited Washington Dc, and New Orleans. Never before had I seen buildings that had â€Å"open† market shops in them. Knowing that there were larger city’s out side Springfield made the neighborhood I live in seem like the dull scraps of what was left of the interesting people of the world. My neighborhood has stayed the same through out my childhood. There was a older lady on the corner of my street, she died a few years back. I don’t recall ever seeing her face or what her name was. She kept to herself. On Halloween she would set out a jar of candy so I never got to see her up close. I always wonder if she had any family. I would notice her car would be gone for a few days, I never noticed any cars other than her own in the drive way. When I was eight the city was deciding what to do with â€Å"our† park. My neighborhood friends and I often tried to play baseball there. With only 4 of us we didn’t really have much success. When the park board had a forum to hear suggestions nearly everyone in our neighborhood came to tell them that they wanted the park just the way it was. And we got our wish. Now there is a senior center also on the property. I don’t recall the last time my friends and I played on the swing set or the merry go round after that day that we said how much that park meant to us. I only speak to one of my friends of days gone past. The other dropped out of high school and the only reason we maintained a relationship up until that point was out of convenience. I despise the fact that there were never more than 5 girls living in out neighborhood my age at any one time. My street is occupied by retirees who get their paper in the morning still in their robes. They mow t... Free Essays on Dillard Free Essays on Dillard respond to Dillard’s book and reflect upon your own experiences. 1. What kind of neighborhood(s) do you/have you lived in (suburban, rural, urban)? How has that shaped your sense of who you are and your sense of community? In eighth grade I visited Washington Dc, and New Orleans. Never before had I seen buildings that had â€Å"open† market shops in them. Knowing that there were larger city’s out side Springfield made the neighborhood I live in seem like the dull scraps of what was left of the interesting people of the world. My neighborhood has stayed the same through out my childhood. There was a older lady on the corner of my street, she died a few years back. I don’t recall ever seeing her face or what her name was. She kept to herself. On Halloween she would set out a jar of candy so I never got to see her up close. I always wonder if she had any family. I would notice her car would be gone for a few days, I never noticed any cars other than her own in the drive way. When I was eight the city was deciding what to do with â€Å"our† park. My neighborhood friends and I often tried to play baseball there. With only 4 of us we didn’t really have much success. When the park board had a forum to hear suggestions nearly everyone in our neighborhood came to tell them that they wanted the park just the way it was. And we got our wish. Now there is a senior center also on the property. I don’t recall the last time my friends and I played on the swing set or the merry go round after that day that we said how much that park meant to us. I only speak to one of my friends of days gone past. The other dropped out of high school and the only reason we maintained a relationship up until that point was out of convenience. I despise the fact that there were never more than 5 girls living in out neighborhood my age at any one time. My street is occupied by retirees who get their paper in the morning still in their robes. They mow t...

Atomic

Atomic Essay BombThen a tremendous flash of light cut across the sky . Mr. Tanimotohas a distinct recollection that it traveled from east to west, from the citytoward the hills. It seemed like a sheet of sun. à John Hersey, fromHiroshima, pp.8 On August 6, 1945, the world changed forever. On that day theUnited States of America detonated an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima. Never before had mankind seen anything like. Here was something that wasslightly bigger than an ordinary bomb, yet could cause infinitely moredestruction. It could rip through walls and tear down houses like the devilswrecking ball. In Hiroshima it killed 100,000 people, most non-militarycivilians. Three days later in Nagasaki it killed roughly 40,000 . The immediateeffects of these bombings were simple. The Japanese government surrendered,unconditionally, to the United States. The rest of the world rejoiced as themost destructive war in the history of mankind came to an end . All while thesurvivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki tried to piece together what was left oftheir lives, families and homes. Over the course of the next forty years, thesetwo bombings, and the nuclear arms race that followed them, would come to have adirect or indirect effect on almost every man, woman and child on this Earth,including people in the United States. The atomic bomb would penetrate everyfabric of Ame rican existence. From our politics to our educational system. Ourindustry and our art. Historians have gone so far as to call this period in ourhistory the Ã’atomic ageÓ for the way it has shaped and guided worldpolitics, relations and culture. The entire history behind the bomb itself isrooted in Twentieth Century physics. At the time of the bombing the science ofphysics had been undergoing a revolution for the past thirty-odd years. Scientists now had a clear picture of what the atomic world was like. They newthe structure and particle makeup of atoms, as well as how they behaved. Duringthe 1930Õs it became apparent that there was a immense amount of energythat would be released atoms of Gioielli 2certain elements were split, or takenapart. Scientists began to realize that if harnessed, this energy could besomething of a magnitude not before seen to human eyes. They also saw that thisenergy could possibly be harnessed into a weapon of amazing power. And with theadvent of World War Two, this became an ever increasing concern. In the earlyfall of 1939, the same time that the Germans invaded Poland, President Rooseveltreceived a letter from Albert Einstein, informing him about the certainpossibilities of creating a controlled nuclear chain reaction, and thatharnessing such a reaction could produce a bomb of formidable strength. Hewrote: This new phenomena would lead also lead to the construction of bombs, andit is conceivable, though much less certain-that extremely powerful bombs of anew type may thus be constructed (Clark 556-557).The letter goes on to encouragethe president to increase government and military involvement in suchexperiments, and to encourage the experimental work of the scientists with theallocation of funds, facilities and equipment that might be necessary. Thisletter ultimately led to the Manhattan Project, the effort that involvedbillions of dollars and tens of thousands of people to produce the atomic bomb. During the time after the war, until just recently the American psyche has beenbranded with the threat of a nuclear holocaust. Here was something so powerful,yet so diminutive. A bomb that could obliterate our nations capital, and thatwas as big as somebodies backyard grill. For the first time in the history ofhuman existence here was something capable of wiping us off the face of theEarth. And most people had no control over that destiny. It seemed like peopleslives, the life of everything on this planet, was resting in the hands of acouple men in Northern Virginia and some guys over in Russia. The atomic bomband the amazing power it held over us had a tremendous influence on AmericanCulture, including a profound effect on American Literature. After the war, thefirst real piece of literature about the bombings came in 1946. The workHiroshima, by Jon Hersey, from which the opening quote is taken, first appearedas a long article in the New Yorker, then shortly after in book form. The bookis a non-fiction account of the bombing of Hiroshima and the immediateaftermath. It is told from the point-of-view of six hibakusha, or Ã’survivorsÓof the atomic blast. In four chapters Hersey traces how the these peoplesurvived the blast, and what they did in following weeks and months to pulltheir lives together Gioielli 3and save their families. The book takes on a toneof sympathy and of miraculous survival à that these people were luckyenough to survive the blast. He focuses not on the suffering of the victims buton their courage (Stone, 7). The following passage from the first chapter showsthis:A hundred thousand people were killed by the bomb, and these six were amongthe survivors. They still wonder why they lived when so many others died. Eachof the counts many small items of chance or volitionà a step taken in time,a decision to go indoors, catching one streetcar instead of the nextà thatspared him. And each that in the act of survival he lived a dozen lives and sawmore death than he ever thought he would see. At the time, none of them knewanything (4). Hersey was attempting to chronicle what had happened at Hiroshima,and to do so fairly. And in emphasizing the survival instead of the suffering hedoes not make his book anti-American or something that condemns the dropping ofthe bomb. He simply gives these peoples accounts of how they survived in a tonethat is more journalistic than sensationalistic. The book empathizes with theirplight while it also gives an American explanation for the bombing (Stone, 7). That it was an act of war to end the war as quickly and as easily as possible,and to save more lives in the long run. Hersey did all this to provide what heconsidered an evenhanded portrayal of the event, but he also did not want tocause much controversy. Although it could be criticized for not giving a moredetailed account of the suffering that occurred, and that it reads more like ahistory book than a piece of literature, HerseyÕs book was the first ofits kind when it was published. Up until then all accounts of the Hiroshimabombing writings about it took the slant that Japanese had Ã’deserved whatwe had given themÓ, and that we were good people for doing so. Theseaccounts were extremely prejudicial and racist. (Stone, 4) Hersey was the firstto take the point of view of those who had actually experienced the event. Andhis work was the transition between works that glorified thedropping of theatomic bomb, to those that focused on its amazing destructive powers, and whatth ey could do to our world. During the period immediately after the war, notmuch information was available to general public concerning what kind ofdestruction the atomic bombs had actually caused in Japan. But starting withHerseyÕs book and continuing with other non-fiction works, such as DavidBradleys No Place To Hide, which concerned the Bikini Island nuclear tests,Americans really began to get a picture of the awesome power and destructivenessof nuclear weapons. They saw that these really Gioielli 4were doomsday devices. Weapons that could change everything in an instant, and turn things into nothingin a moment. It was this realization that had a startling effect on Americanculture and literature. Some Americans began to say Ã’At any time we couldall be shadows in the blast wave, so whatÕs the point?Ó. Thisviewpoint manifested itself in literature in something called the Ã’apocalyptictemperÓ; an attitude or a tone dealing with a forthcoming end to theworld. Also, many people, because of this realization of our impending death,were beginning to say that maybe their was something inherently wrong with allof this. That nuclear weapons are dangerous to everyone, no matter what yourpolitical views or where you live, and that we should do away with all of them. They have no value to society and should be destroyed. This apocalyptic temperand social activism was effected greatly in the early Sixties by the CubanMissile Crisis. When Americans saw, on television, that they could be undernuclear attack in under twenty minutes, a new anxiety about the cold warsurfaced that had not been present since the days of McCarthy. And this newanxiety was evidenced in works that took on a much more satirical tone. And oneof the works that shows this satiric apocalyptic temper and cynicism is KurtVonneguts Cats Cradle. Vonnegut, considered by many to be one of Americasforemost living authors, was himself a veteran of World War Two. He, as aprisoner of war, was one of the few survivors of the fire-bombing of Dresden. InDresden he saw what many believe was a more horrible tragedy than Hiroshima. Theallied bombs destroyed the entire city and killed as many people, if not more,than were killed in Hiroshima. He would eventually write about this experiencein the semi-autobiographical Slaughterhouse-Five. This novel, like Cats Cradle,takes a very strong anti-war stance. But along with being an Anti-war book, CatsCradle is an excellent satire of the Atomic Age. It is essentially the story ofone man, an author by the name of John (or Jonah) and the research he is doingfor a book on the day the bomb exploded in Hiroshima. This involves him withmembers of the Dr. Felix Hoenikker familyà the genius who helped build thebombà and their adventures. In the book Vonnegut paints an imaginary worldwhere things might not seem to make any Gioielli 5sense. But there is in fact anamazing amount of symbolism, as well as satire. Dr. Hoenikker is an extremelyeccentric scientist who spends most of his time in the lab at his company. He isinterested in very few things, his children not among them. His children arealmost afraid of him. One of the few times he does try to play with his childrenis when he tries to teach the game of cats cradle to his youngest s on, Newt. READ: The Harrapan Civilization EssayWhen he is trying to show newt the game Newt gets very confused. In the book,this is what Newt remembered of the incident:Ã’And then he sang, ÔRockabyecatsy, in the tree topÕ;he sang, Ô when the wind blows, the cray-dullwill fall. Down will come cray-dull, catsy and all.Õ Ã’I burst intotears. I jumped up and ran out of the house as fast as I could.Ó(18)WhatNewt doesnÕt remember is what he said to his Father. Later in the book wefind this out from Newts sister, Angela that newt jumped of his fatherÕslap screaming Ã’ No cat! No cradle! No cat! No cradle!Ó(53) With thisscene, Vonnegut is trying to show a couple of things. Dr. Hoenikker symbolizesall the scientists who created the atomic bomb. And the cats cradle is the worldand all of humankind combined. Dr. Hoenikker is simply playing, like he has allhis life, that game just happens to involve the fate of the rest of the world. And little Newt, having a childs un-blinded perception, doesnÕt understandthe game. He doesnÕt see a cat or a cradle. Like all the gamesDr.Hoenikker plays, including the ones with nuclear weapons, this one ismislabeled. This is just one of the many episodes in the book that characterizesDr. Hoenikker as a player of games. He recognizes this in himself when he giveshis Nobel Prize speech:I stand before you now because I never stopped dawdlinglike an eight year on a spring morning on his way to school. Anything can makeme stop and wonder, and sometimes learn (17). And the Doctors farewell to theworld is a game he has played, with himself. One day a Marine General asked himif he could make something that would eliminate mud, so that marines wouldnÕthave to deal with mud anymore. So Dr. Hoenikker thinks up ice-nine, an imaginarysubstance that when it comes in contact with any other kind of water, itcrystallizes it. And this crystallization spreads to all the water moleculesth is piece of water is in contact with. So to crystallize the mud in an entirearmed division of marines, it would only take a minuscule amount of ice-nine. Dr. Gioielli 6Hoenikkers colleagues see this as just another example of hisimagination at work. But he actually does create a small chink of ice-nine, andwhen he dies, each of his children get a small piece of it. They carry it aroundwith themselves in thermos containers the rest of their lives. At the end ofbook one small piece of ice-nine gets out , by mere accident, and ends upcrystallizing the whole world. The game Dr. Hoenikker was playing with himselfdestroyed the whole world. The accident that caused the ice-nine to get outcould be much like the accident that could cause World War III. One small thingthat sets off an amazing series of events, like piece of ice-nine just fallingout of the thermos. And Dr. Hoenikker, like the scientists of the world, wasplaying game and caused it all. Here is a description of the world after theice-nine has wreaked its havoc:There were no smells. There was no movement. Every step I took made a gravelly squeak in blue-white frost. And every squeakwas echoed loudly. The season of locking was over. The Earth was locked up tight(179).This description eerily resembles what many have said the Earth will looklike during a nuclear winter (Stone, 62). In addition to Dr. Hoenikker and hisdoomsday games, Vonnegut provides an interesting analysis of atomic age societywith the Bokonon religion. This religion, completely made up by Vonnegut andused in this novel, is the religion of every single inhabitant of San Lorenzo,the books imaginary banana republic. This is the island where Jonah eventuallyends up, and where the ice-nine holocaust originates. (It also, being aCaribbean nation, strangely resembles Cuba.) Bokonon is a strange religion. Itwas created by one of the leaders of San Lorenzo, a long time ago. Essentially,Bokonon is the only hope for all inhabitants of San Lorenzo. Their existence onthe island is so horrible that they have to find harmony with som ething. Bokononism gives them that. It is based on untruths, to give San Lorenzans asense of security, since the truth provides none. This concept can be summed upin this Bokononist quotation: Ã’Live by thefoma* that makes you brave andkind and healthy and happy. *Harmless untruths (4)Ó The inhabitants of SanLorenzo do not care what is going on in their real lives because they have thefoma of Bokonon to keep them secure and happy. And Vonnegut is trying to saythat is what is happening to the rest of us. Americans, and the rest of theworld for that matter, have this false sense of security that we are safe andsecure. That in our homes in Indiana with our dogs and Gioielli 7our lawnmowers,we think we are invincible. Everything will be okay because we are protected byare government. This is the foma of real life, because we are trying to denywhat is really going on. WeÕre in imminent danger of being annihilated atany second, but to deny this very real danger we are creating a false w orld sothat we may live in peace, however false that sense of peace may be. Throughoutthe entire novel Vonnegut gives little snippets of Ã’calypsosÓ :Bokonon proverbs written by Bokonon. Verse like:I wanted all things To seem tomake some sense,So we could all be happy, yes,Instead of tense.And I made upliesSo that they all fit niceAnd made this sad worldA par-a-dise (90).Thiscalypso expresses the purpose of Bokonon and why it, with its harmless untruths,exists. The following one is about the outlawing of Bokonon. To make thereligion more appealing to the people, the leaders had it banned, with itspractice punishable by death. They hoped that a renegade religion with a rebelleader would appeal to the people more.So I said good-bye to government,and Igave my reason:That a really good religionIs a form of treason (118)Thesecalypsos, and the rest of the book, express the points Vonnegut in a moreabstract , symbolic manner. They only add to the impact of the books messageexpressin g it in a very short, satirical way. The black humor used when talkingabout the end of the worldà the nuclear endà was pioneered by Vonnegut. But what many consider to be the the climax of this pop culture phenomena isStanley Kubricks movie, Dr. Strangelove(Stone 69). Subtitled Or How I learnedto Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb , this movie was Kubricks viewpoint on howmad the entire Cold War and arms race had become. Based a little known book byEnglish science fiction writer Peter George, Red Alert, the movie is about howone maverick Air Force general, who is obviously suffering a severe mentalillness, concocts a plan to save the world from the Gioielli 8Communists. Hemanages to order the strategic bombers under his command to proceed to theirtargets in the Soviet Union. They all believe it is World War Three, and theGeneral, Jack Ripper, is the only one that can call the planes back. Kubrickscharacters: Dr. Strangelove, President Mertin Muffley, Premier Kissof andothers, go through a series a misadventures to try and turn the planes around. READ: Human Sexuality EssayBut the one, plane piloted by Major Ã’KingÓ Kong, does get through,and it drops its bombload. This is where Kubrick tries to show the futility ofeverything. The governments of both the worlds superpowers have thousands ofsafeguards and security precautions for their nuclear weapons. But one manmanages to get a nuclear warhead to be hit its target. And this warhead hits theÃ’Doomsday DeviceÓ. The Doomsday device is the ultimate deterrent,because if you try to disarm it it will go off. It has the capability to destroyevery living human and animal on Earth, and it does So it is all pointless. Wehave these weapons, and no matter how hard we try to control them everyone stilldies. And so to make ourselves feel better about all this impending doom,Kubrick, like Vonnegut, satirizes the entire system. By making such moroniccharacters, like the wimpish President Mertin Muffley, Kubrick is saying,similar to Vonnegut with Dr. Hoenikker, that we are ev en worse off because theseweapons are controlled by people that are almost buffoonish and childish. General Ripper, the man who causes the end of the world, is a portrait of aMcCarthy era paranoid gone mad. He thinks the communists are infiltrating andtrying to destroy are country. And he says the most heinous communist plotagainst democracy is fluoridation of water:Like I was saying, Group Captain,fluoridation of water is the most monstrously conceived and dangerous communistplot we have ever had to face . . . They pollute our precious bodily fluids!(George 97)And General Rippers personal prevention of the contamination of hisbodily fluids is equally perplexing. He drinks only Ã’ . . . distilledwater, or rain water, and only grain alcohol . . .Ó Kubrick uses this kindof absurd reasoning in his movie to show the absurd reasoning behind nuclearweapons. Both him and Vonnegut were part of the satirical side of theapocalyptic temper in the early Sixties. They laughed at our governments, ourleaders, the Cold War and the arms race, and tried to show how stupid it allreally was. Bu t as time moved on, the writers, and the entire country, startedto take a less narrow minded view of things. The counterculture of the Gioielli9sixties prompted people to take a closer look at themselves. As thinkers,teachers, lovers, parents, friends and human beings. And people concerned withnuclear weapons started to see things in a broader context as well. Nuclearweapons were something that affected our whole consciousness. The way we grewup, our relationships with others and what we did with our lives. One of theauthors who put this new perspective on things was the activist, social thinkerand poet Allen Ginsberg. Ginsberg first made a name for himself in the 1950Õsas one of the foremost of the Beat writers. The Beats in the Fifties were aforerunner of the more widespread counterculture of the late Sixties and earlySeventies. And Ginsberg evolved into this. He became a devoted leader in thecounterculture, who set many precedents for the Hippie generation. He lived invarious communes, delved deeply into eastern religions and experimented withnumerous hallucinogenic drugs. In the earlier part of his life Ginsberg had beena rebel against society. He was still a rebel but now he was taking the form ofactivist. By the Seventies he was involved in many causes that promoted peaceand world harmony. What separated Ginsberg from other activists is that he wasone of the first and original members of many of these movements. Now he was thefather figure to many in the non-mainstream world. While teaching at his schoolof poetry in Naropa, Colorado, Ginsberg became involved in protests against thenearby Rock Flats Nuclear Weapons Factory. During the Summer of 1978 he wasarrested for preventing a shipment nuclear waste from reaching its destinationand for numerous other protests against the facility (Miles 474). From theseexperiences came two poems Ã’Nagasaki DaysÓ and Ã’ Plutonium OdeÓ. Both these poems exhibit Ginsbergs more mature style of writing (Miles 475). The poems are more scholarly, containing many mythological and religiousallusions. But both these characteristics show how post war apocalypticliterature had evolved. By the Seventies many writers, instead of taking thedefeatist, satirical view like Vonnegut, were beginning to take a make activiststandpoint, like Ginsberg. Apocalyptic literature also took on a more mature,scholarly tone, and was more worldly and had a broader viewpoint. This stanzafrom Ã’Nagasaki DaysÓ shows how Ginsberg is putting nuclear weaponsinto the context of the universal:2,000,000 killed in Vietnam13,000,000 refugeesin Indochina 200,000,000 years for the Galaxy to revolve on its core 24,000 theBabylonian great year24,000 half life of plutoniumGioielli 102,000 the most Iever got for a poetry reading80,000 dolphins killed in the dragnet4,000,000,000years earth been born (701)The half life of plutonium is brought together withdolphins and Indochinese refugees. Also, Ginsberg makes a reference to theBabyl onian great year, which coincides with the half life of plutonium. Thiscosmic link intrigued Ginsberg immensely. That fact alone inspired him to rightÃ’Plutonium OdeÓ. The whole poem expands on this connection toplutonium as a living part of our universe, albeit a very dangerous one. Here hementions the Great Year:Before the Year began turning its twelve signs, ereconstellations wheeled for twenty-four thousand sunny yearsslowly round theiraxis in Sagittarius, one hundred sixty-seven thousand times returning to thisnight. (702) Ginsberg is also relating the great year, and the half life ofplutonium, to the life of the Earth. The life of the Earth is approximately fourbillion years, which is 24,000 times 167,000 (Ginsberg 796) In Ã’PlutoniumOdeÓ, Ginsberg talks to plutonium. By establishing a dialogue he gives theplutonium almost human characteristics. It is something, and is near us everyday, and is deadly. In this passage he is asking how long before it kills usall:I enter your secret places with my mind, I speak with your presence, I roamyour lion roar with mortal mouth.One microgram inspired to one lung, ten poundsof heavy metal dust, adrift slowly motion over gray Alpsthe breadth of theplanet, how long before your radiance speeds blight and death to sentientbeings. (703) In putting his nuclear fears and worries on the table, and sayingthat these things have pertinence to us because they affect how we live ourlives and the entire the universe, Ginsberg is showing how intrigued he is withplutonium in this poem. By the time Ginsberg was publishing these poems in late1978, post war literature had evolved immensely. At first people had no ideaabout the bomb and its capabilities. Then, as more information came out aboutwhat the bomb could do, they began to began to start to live in real fear ofnuclear weapons. The power of it, a creation by man that could destroy theworld, that was terrifying. Then some artists and writers began to see theabsurdity of it all. They saw that we were under control by people we did not,or should not, trust, and were a constant state of nuclear Gioielli 11fear. Sothey satirized the system unmercifully, and were very apocalyptic in their tone. But then things evolved from these narrow minded viewpoints, and people began toenvision nuclear weapons in the context of our world and our lives. The atomicbomb and nuclear proliferation affected all facets of our lifestyle, includingwhat we read. Literature is a reflection of a countryÕs culture andfeelings. And literature affected Americans curiosity, horror, anxiety, cynicismand hope concerning nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons raised questions that noone had dare ever asked before, and had given them answers that they were afraidto hear. They have made us think about our place in the universe, and what itall means. BibliographyBartter, Martha A. The Way to Ground Zero. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. Dewey, Joseph. In a Dark Time. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1990.Dr. Strangelove. Dir. Stanley Kubrick. With Peter Sellers, George C. Scott and SlimPickens. Highland Films Ltd., 1966.(This is a novelization of the movie. Allqoutations from the movie were transribed form this book) Einstein, Albert. Ã’SirÓ (a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt) Einstein: TheLife and Times. Ronald W. Clark. New York: World Publishing, 1971. 556-557.George, Peter. Dr. Strangelove. Boston: Gregg Press, 1979.Ginsberg,Allen. Ã’Nagasaki DaysÓ and Ã’Plutonium Ode.Ó CollectedPoems: 1947à 1980. Ed. Allen Ginsberg. New York: Harper and Row, 1984. 699-705. Gleick, James. Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. NewYork :Vintage Books, 1992.Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1985.Miles, Barry. Ginsberg: A Biography. New York: Harper Perennial,1989.Stone, Albert E. Literary Aftershocks: American Writers, Readers and theBomb. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994.Vonnegut, Kurt. CatÕs Cradle. NewYork:Dell, 1963.

Nurse Staffing and the Quality of Patient Care Essay

Nurse Staffing and the Quality of Patient Care - Essay Example ency that translates to improved care to patients, leading to swift recovery and reduced patients’ mortality rates because they have the full attention of the nurses throughout their convalescence (Needleman, et al, 2002). On the other hand, when the ratio of nurses to patients is low this contributes low quality patient care, increased medical errors and high mortality rates of patients this is due to overwork and fatigue among the nurses, which reduces their efficiency. In conclusion, it can be said that the level of nurse staffing does indeed have an impact on the quality of care that patients receive since patient to nurse ratio has a direct impact on the effectiveness of nurses, occurrences of medical errors and patient mortalities. Therefore, it is paramount despite the increased health care cost and the urge to offer quality care at a reduced cost, that the nurse to patient ratio be maintained at an adequate level to ensure efficiency and effectiveness is

The experience of studying abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The experience of studying abroad - Essay Example The personal development is greatly affected by studying abroad. One reason for recommending students to study abroad or far from home is that it gives them a sense of independence. This independence should not be taken as a negative impact on the students’ growth but it in fact is a very valuable factor. It provides them with the sense of responsibility, commitment and value for the resources. Studying abroad helps developing self-confidence. It further helps students in understanding the culture, tradition and values of other people. In the diversified population of today, it has become an important factor to learn to adopt and survive with people of different backgrounds. Studying abroad hence, helps students in understanding, managing and resolving the issues that may arise due to differences between themselves and others (Lange & Paige, 2003 p 185). Moving abroad and settling there for studies, however, is not an easy task! There are a number of social, political, economi c and moral issues which are to be considered before making a choice on this matter. Students face and may face problems due to the changing political, economic and social conditions of a country. ... The diversified populations at schools help the students in preparing for their professional life where a diversified workforce is available. Schools and universities, hence, provide them an understanding of the issue that may arise in their future working career and they find ways to tackle and reduce those issues. Moreover, the participants from other countries represent their culture and traditions to the host country population and the relationship between people from two different backgrounds help in eradicating the wrong concepts about each others’ culture and religion (OECD, 2004 p 221). The working environment, which is highly diversified today, is greatly affected by abroad education concept. People who have been experiencing the diversified population throughout their academic life are easily settled and integrated in the unknown organizational culture. They face less trouble in dealing with others and facing challenges of discrimination and undue behaviors of other people. As far as academic success and growth of students is concerned, studying abroad makes student more conscious about their results and performance. Most of the students staying abroad for educational purposes are paying their fees by themselves. They go for some kind of job to earn their living and bear their regular expenses. Hence, they are more motivated to pass their exams without any failure. However, a negative impact may be seen as a result of this working issue on the performance of students in terms of lower grades and GPAs. Studying abroad helps in developing self confidence, believe in one’s abilities, independence, maturity, creativity to resolve issues and understanding of individualistic strengths and weaknesses.

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Ethical Issues Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Ethical Issues - Essay Example presently; GE has the record of being the sole company that is listed in Dow Jones Industrial Index that was also listed in the index which was original. Presently, GE is the sole company that is listed in the index of Dow. GE came up with the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). GE has the record to work in the power generation field which provided them the opportunity to venture into the new field of aircraft turbo superchargers. World War I marked the introduction of the first turbo superchargers. GE acquired the assets of wind power of Enron in 2002. The company also has its steps as GE appliances, GE plastics, GE medical systems and GE technical products and services. Unethical questions involved An ethical issue is regarded as a problem that is identifiable, a situation or opportunity. The ethical issues require a person to choose an action that may be evaluated as right or wrong among several actions. Such a choice often takes the monetary profit into account rather than the ap propriate conduct that is considered by the person. The nuclear reactors developed by GE have a fatal flaw. GE has developed 91 nuclear reactors around 11 nations. The probability of radiation from the designed reactors is 0.9 in case of nuclear meltdown. A documentary video was released in the year 1991 which accounted people who are harmed because of radiation and also because of the toxic pollution from the nuclear weapons of GE. GE avoids the testing proposals in chemical toxicity tests and it kills large numbers of animals annually. This argument was put forward by PETA. GE can also be held responsible for global warming. But recently GE has taken steps towards a stringent position in environmental concerns. Most of the largest green house gas emitters including GE failed to disclose the financial risk associated with changes in the climate and ignores the deal on global warming and other related issues which includes areas of corporate governance. The share holder’s mee ting calls the management to report on the green house emissions which includes carbon dioxide, mercury, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. The company has two manufacturing plants in Hudson falls and Fort Edward. EPA reported that the company discharged polychlorinated biphenyls of huge volume into the Hudson River. The company opposed the plan to dredge PCBs from the river. GE referred the proposal as absurd. GE was responsible in a fraud case in 1990s. Recently in 2010, GE has been under a lot of speculation due to discrepancies in their tax payment. Many have accused GE for differing tax payments on total profit earned. In 1992, General Electric faced its worse ethical lapse. The company was rocked by many pricing scandals related to the defense contract the company had undertaken. The public image of GE had suffered immensely due to the scandals revealed (Prasad, 111). To re-establish the clean image of General Electric, the company took various steps. The company drafted seve ral in-house rules that were of about eighty pages and were published in all the languages on the websites of GE. The rules and regulations were hailed as Integrity by the company. In the early 1993, the company decided to set up a toll free number, which was available to all the employees. The employees were requested to call up at the toll free number to report any unethical practice seen by them during the operations. GE has been hailed by